One Yowah nut, bisected
One of many opal mining sites in the red continent is called Yowah, and is famous for its opal nuts, veins of precious glowing opal within nodules of siliceous ironstone that often form amazing patterns. They vary from 0.5 to 20 cm across, and occur in an iron rich sandstone, near the border with an adjoining mudstone.
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greek mythology: the olymipian council
the twelve olympians, also known as the dodekatheon, were the principal deities of the Greek pantheon, said to reside atop mount olympus. the olympians gained their supremacy in a war of gods in which zeus led his siblings to victory over the titans.
New research led by astrophysicists at York University has revealed the fastest winds ever seen at ultraviolet wavelengths near a supermassive black hole.
“We’re talking wind speeds of 20 per cent the speed of light, which is more than 200 million kilometres an hour. That’s equivalent to a category 77 hurricane,” says Jesse Rogerson, who led the research as part of his PhD thesis in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at York U. “And we have reason to believe that there are quasar winds that are even faster.”
Astronomers have known about the existence of quasar winds since the late 1960s. At least one in four quasars have them. Quasars are the discs of hot gas that form around supermassive black holes at the centre of massive galaxies - they are bigger than Earth’s orbit around the sun and hotter than the surface of the sun, generating enough light to be seen across the observable universe.
“Black holes can have a mass that is billions of times larger than the sun, mostly because they are messy eaters in a way, capturing any material that ventures too close,” says York University Associate Professor Patrick Hall, who is Rogerson’s supervisor. “But as matter spirals toward a black hole, some of it is blown away by the heat and light of the quasar. These are the winds that we are detecting.”
Rogerson and his team used data from a large survey of the sky known as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to identify new outflows from quasars. After spotting about 300 examples, they selected about 100 for further exploration, collecting data with the Gemini Observatory’s twin telescopes in Hawaii and Chile, in which Canada has a major share.
“We not only confirmed this fastest-ever ultraviolet wind, but also discovered a new wind in the same quasar moving more slowly, at only 140 million kilometres an hour,” says Hall. “We plan to keep watching this quasar to see what happens next.”
Much of this research is aimed at better understanding outflows from quasars and why they happen.
“Quasar winds play an important role in galaxy formation,” says Rogerson. “When galaxies form, these winds fling material outwards and deter the creation of stars. If such winds didn’t exist or were less powerful, we would see far more stars in big galaxies than we actually do.”
The team’s findings were published today in the print edition of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
futurism.com/9gMbz
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The brightest star in the constellation Leo is Regulus, and it is also one of the brightest stars in the night sky, with only 21 stars brighter. Regulus is strictly speaking a star system, composed of Regulus A, the source of its brightness and a white dwarf companion that has not yet been observed, and to other stars too dim to be easily visible. Also known as Alpha Leonis for its primary position in the constellation, the name Regulus means ‘little king’ or ’kinglet’ and also occasionally prince. Regulus derives from the Latin word rex, regis, taking the diminutive form.
Regulus A is a large, hot star, about 4 times as wide as our sun but much brighter and with over 1000 times the energy output. Regulus A is also spinning about 1000 times faster on its axis and shooting through space like a bullet! Scientists are unclear what the source of this energy and movement is.
Image of the constellation Leo from Wikimedia commons, in the public domain.
Constellation map by Torsten Bronger, used with permission under Creative Commons 3.0 license.
Computer generated image of Regulus A by Chandra, used with permission.